A-Z Glossary
2LD
Second Level Domain eg, www.yourbusinessname.com.au, the letters after the name and before the .au
Second Level Domain eg, www.yourbusinessname.com.au, the letters after the name and before the .au
Adjacency attestation (AAO)
An AAO is a digitally signed object that verifies that an AS has made an attestation that it has an inter-domain adjacency with one or more other ASes
An AAO is a digitally signed object that verifies that an AS has made an attestation that it has an inter-domain adjacency with one or more other ASes
Advertisements
See Routing advertisement
See Routing advertisement
AfriNIC
African Network Information Centre (AfriNIC) is the Regional Internet Registry for the African Region
African Network Information Centre (AfriNIC) is the Regional Internet Registry for the African Region
Allocation
A block of address space held by an RIR (or downstream ISP) for subsequent allocation or assignment. "Not yet used to address any networks".
A block of address space held by an RIR (or downstream ISP) for subsequent allocation or assignment. "Not yet used to address any networks".
APNIC
Asia Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC) is the Regional Internet Registry for the Asia Pacific Region
Asia Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC) is the Regional Internet Registry for the Asia Pacific Region
Application Service Provider
Entity who provides specific application(s) direct to the End User
Entity who provides specific application(s) direct to the End User
ARIN
American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) is the Regional Internet Registry for the North American Region
American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) is the Regional Internet Registry for the North American Region
arpa (or ".arpa")
The Address and Routing Parameters Area top level domain, used for network infrastructure
The Address and Routing Parameters Area top level domain, used for network infrastructure
Assignment
A block of address space used to address an operational network. "May be provided to LIR customers, or used for an LIR's infrastructure ('self-assignment').
A block of address space used to address an operational network. "May be provided to LIR customers, or used for an LIR's infrastructure ('self-assignment').
Assignment of a number
The process for providing an international numbering resource to an eligible applicant (when used in the formal sense as defined in Section 5.4 of ITU-T Rec. E.190 (05/97)).
The process for providing an international numbering resource to an eligible applicant (when used in the formal sense as defined in Section 5.4 of ITU-T Rec. E.190 (05/97)).
Assignment window
Refers to the amount of IP address space that you can assign or sub-allocate to your customers without the need to send in a second opinion request form for APNIC’s approval
Refers to the amount of IP address space that you can assign or sub-allocate to your customers without the need to send in a second opinion request form for APNIC’s approval
AUNIC
Australian Network Information Centre
Australian Network Information Centre
Autonomous System (AS)
An AS is a group of IP networks run by one or more network operators with a single clearly defined routing policy
An AS is a group of IP networks run by one or more network operators with a single clearly defined routing policy
Autonomous System Number (ASN or AS number)
ASNs are globally unique identifiers for Autonomous Systems and are used as identifiers to allow the ASes to exchange dynamic routing information. An Autonomous system (AS) is a group of IP networks having a single clearly defined routing policy run by one or more network operators
ASNs are globally unique identifiers for Autonomous Systems and are used as identifiers to allow the ASes to exchange dynamic routing information. An Autonomous system (AS) is a group of IP networks having a single clearly defined routing policy run by one or more network operators
BGP
The Border Gateway Patrol is the routing protocol used to exchange routing information across the Internet. BGP allows ISPs to connect to each other and for end users to connect to more than one ISP. BGP is the only protocol that is designed to deal with a network of the Internet’s size and deal well with having multiple connections to unrelated routing domains
The Border Gateway Patrol is the routing protocol used to exchange routing information across the Internet. BGP allows ISPs to connect to each other and for end users to connect to more than one ISP. BGP is the only protocol that is designed to deal with a network of the Internet’s size and deal well with having multiple connections to unrelated routing domains
Blackholing
Where false routing advertisements redirect traffic away from its intended destination and instead are directed to a sink point. This results in an effective Denial of Service (DoS), where the target service is taken offline. A side effect may be a rearrangement of traffic flows that could overload some network links
Where false routing advertisements redirect traffic away from its intended destination and instead are directed to a sink point. This results in an effective Denial of Service (DoS), where the target service is taken offline. A side effect may be a rearrangement of traffic flows that could overload some network links
CC
E.164 Country Code (as specified in ITU-T Recommendation E.164).
E.164 Country Code (as specified in ITU-T Recommendation E.164).
ccTLD
Country Code Top Level Domain
Country Code Top Level Domain
Certificate extensions
To make the original X.509 certificate standard suitable for Resource Certification it needed some minor modifications, or extensions, to provide a place to record the Internet number resources held by the private key holder. See X.509
To make the original X.509 certificate standard suitable for Resource Certification it needed some minor modifications, or extensions, to provide a place to record the Internet number resources held by the private key holder. See X.509
CIDR
Classless Inter Domain Routing is a method of categorizing IP addresses for the purpose of allocating IP addresses to users and for efficiently routing IP packets on the Internet
Classless Inter Domain Routing is a method of categorizing IP addresses for the purpose of allocating IP addresses to users and for efficiently routing IP packets on the Internet
Client/Server
A method of splitting software functions, for example, a PC-based email client and a network-based email server
A method of splitting software functions, for example, a PC-based email client and a network-based email server
Country
A specific country, a group of countries in an integrated numbering plan or a specific geographical area (when used in a formal sense of an ITU-T Rec. E.164 Country Code)
A specific country, a group of countries in an integrated numbering plan or a specific geographical area (when used in a formal sense of an ITU-T Rec. E.164 Country Code)
Critical Internet infrastructure
A collective terms for all hardware and software systems that constitute essential components in the operation of the Internet
A collective terms for all hardware and software systems that constitute essential components in the operation of the Internet
DDoS
Distributed denial-of-service is a DoS attack launched from multiple computers
Distributed denial-of-service is a DoS attack launched from multiple computers
Digital certificate
A digital certificate is an electronic certificate used to prove your identity or your right to access information or services online. A digital certificate is required in order to access secured services of APNIC. The digital certificates used by APNIC conform to Standard X.509
A digital certificate is an electronic certificate used to prove your identity or your right to access information or services online. A digital certificate is required in order to access secured services of APNIC. The digital certificates used by APNIC conform to Standard X.509
Digital signature
A digital signature is an electronic signature which authenticates the identity of a message sender, or document signer and possibly to ensure that the original content of the message or document that has arrived unchanged
A digital signature is an electronic signature which authenticates the identity of a message sender, or document signer and possibly to ensure that the original content of the message or document that has arrived unchanged
DNS
Domain Name System
Domain Name System
Domain
A set of host names consisting of a single domain name and all the domain names below it
A set of host names consisting of a single domain name and all the domain names below it
Domain name
A set of labels delimited by "."s
A set of labels delimited by "."s
DoS
Denial-of-service is a type of Internet attack where an attacker attempts to prevent legitimate users from accessing information or services generally by flooding the service provider with bogus requests or traffic
Denial-of-service is a type of Internet attack where an attacker attempts to prevent legitimate users from accessing information or services generally by flooding the service provider with bogus requests or traffic
E.164
The international public telecommunication numbering plan
The international public telecommunication numbering plan
E.164 number (for geographical areas)
An E.164 number typically consisting of three fields, CC (country code), NDC (national destination code), and SN (subscriber number)
An E.164 number typically consisting of three fields, CC (country code), NDC (national destination code), and SN (subscriber number)
E.190
Principles and responsibilities for the management, assignment and reclamation of E Series international numbering resources
Principles and responsibilities for the management, assignment and reclamation of E Series international numbering resources
E164 Number
A number from ITU-T Rec E.164 numbering plan that uniquely indicates a public network termination point
A number from ITU-T Rec E.164 numbering plan that uniquely indicates a public network termination point
e164.arpa
In the .arpa domain, the subdomain of ENUM names for E.164 numbers
In the .arpa domain, the subdomain of ENUM names for E.164 numbers
EC
The APNIC Executive Committee
The APNIC Executive Committee
End site
An end site is defined as an end user (subscriber) who has a business relationship with a service provider that involves that service provider: (i) Assigning address space to the end user (ii) Providing transit service for the end user to other sites (iii) Carrying the end user’s traffic (iv) Advertising an aggregate prefix route that contains the end user’s assignment
An end site is defined as an end user (subscriber) who has a business relationship with a service provider that involves that service provider: (i) Assigning address space to the end user (ii) Providing transit service for the end user to other sites (iii) Carrying the end user’s traffic (iv) Advertising an aggregate prefix route that contains the end user’s assignment
ENUM
Telephone Number Mapping - a protocol and an IETF WG
Telephone Number Mapping - a protocol and an IETF WG
Ethernet
A system for connecting a number of computer systems to form a local area network
A system for connecting a number of computer systems to form a local area network
EU
End User
End User
Global Service
A service defined by the ITU-T, provisioned on the public switched network, ... to enable the provision of that international service between two or more countries ... (when used in the formal sense as defined in Section 4.14 of ITU-T Rec. E.164 (05/97)).
A service defined by the ITU-T, provisioned on the public switched network, ... to enable the provision of that international service between two or more countries ... (when used in the formal sense as defined in Section 4.14 of ITU-T Rec. E.164 (05/97)).
Group of Countries
Several ITU- or UN-recognised countries ... (when used formally in the sense of Draft New Rec. E.164.3 (noting that this is a "recommendation requiring further development")
Several ITU- or UN-recognised countries ... (when used formally in the sense of Draft New Rec. E.164.3 (noting that this is a "recommendation requiring further development")
gTLD
Generic Top Level Domain hosting/webhosting - a location (a server somewhere, connected to the internet) which houses your internet address
Generic Top Level Domain hosting/webhosting - a location (a server somewhere, connected to the internet) which houses your internet address
H.323
Packet based multimedia communication systems
Packet based multimedia communication systems
HD-Ratio
The HD-Ratio is a way of measuring the efficiency of address assignment [RFC 3194]. It is an adaption of the HD-Ratio originally defined in [RFC 1715] and is expressed as the number of allocated objects divided by maximum number of allocatable objects. In the case of the “IPv6 Address Allocation and Assignment Policy” document the objects are IPv6 site addresses (/56s) assigned from an IPv6 prefix of a given size
The HD-Ratio is a way of measuring the efficiency of address assignment [RFC 3194]. It is an adaption of the HD-Ratio originally defined in [RFC 1715] and is expressed as the number of allocated objects divided by maximum number of allocatable objects. In the case of the “IPv6 Address Allocation and Assignment Policy” document the objects are IPv6 site addresses (/56s) assigned from an IPv6 prefix of a given size
Historical Resource
These are resources delegated to organizations by APNIC prior to the introduction of a membership structure. These resources have always been registered in the APNIC Whois Database but if the resource holder did not become an APNIC member at any time after the introduction of the membership structure, the resources were not made subject to current APNIC policies
These are resources delegated to organizations by APNIC prior to the introduction of a membership structure. These resources have always been registered in the APNIC Whois Database but if the resource holder did not become an APNIC member at any time after the introduction of the membership structure, the resources were not made subject to current APNIC policies
http
Hypertext transfer protocol
Hypertext transfer protocol
IAB
Internet Architecture Board
Internet Architecture Board
IANA
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
IESG
The Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG) is part of ISOC and is responsible for technical management of IETF activities and the Internet standards process.
The Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG) is part of ISOC and is responsible for technical management of IETF activities and the Internet standards process.
IETF
Internet Engineering Task Force
Internet Engineering Task Force
Impersonation
Where false routing advertisements redirect traffic away from the intended destination and instead directs traffic to a site that masquerades as the destination service. This form of masquerading is used to gather otherwise confidential information from users of the original service. See Phishing
Where false routing advertisements redirect traffic away from the intended destination and instead directs traffic to a site that masquerades as the destination service. This form of masquerading is used to gather otherwise confidential information from users of the original service. See Phishing
in-addr.arpa
In the .arpa domain, the subdomain for IP addresses (as names) for host names
In the .arpa domain, the subdomain for IP addresses (as names) for host names
Injection
Refers to the method of inserting routing information into the routing table. In context, it can also imply the injection of false routing information
Refers to the method of inserting routing information into the routing table. In context, it can also imply the injection of false routing information
Inspection and alteration
Where false routing advertisements cause traffic to an intended destination to be forwarded to a compromised network segment. Here the traffic may be inspected, or even altered before being passed onward to the actual destination
Where false routing advertisements cause traffic to an intended destination to be forwarded to a compromised network segment. Here the traffic may be inspected, or even altered before being passed onward to the actual destination
Internet Exchange Point
Also known as IX or IXP. It is a layer 1 and layer 2 network structure that interconnects three or more Autonomous Systems 9AS) for the purpose of Internet traffic interchange
Also known as IX or IXP. It is a layer 1 and layer 2 network structure that interconnects three or more Autonomous Systems 9AS) for the purpose of Internet traffic interchange
Internet Registry
An Internet Registry (IR) is an organization that is responsible for distributing IP address space to its members or customers and for registering those distributions. IRs include: (i) APNIC and other Regional Internet Registries (RIRs); (ii) National Internet Registries (NIRs); (iii) Local Internet Registries (LIRs)
An Internet Registry (IR) is an organization that is responsible for distributing IP address space to its members or customers and for registering those distributions. IRs include: (i) APNIC and other Regional Internet Registries (RIRs); (ii) National Internet Registries (NIRs); (iii) Local Internet Registries (LIRs)
Internet resources
APNIC's refers to IPv4 and IPv6 address blocks and AS numbers as numeric Internet resources.
APNIC's refers to IPv4 and IPv6 address blocks and AS numbers as numeric Internet resources.
IP
Internet Protocol
Internet Protocol
IPv4 address
An IPv4 address is a binary number consisting of 32 bits that are organized into four bytes. The four bytes are usually portrayed using a dotted decimal notation such as 1.2.3.4. Each decimal number is equivalent of a byte; the dots used between the decimals are used to separate the bytes. For example, 205.150.58.7
An IPv4 address is a binary number consisting of 32 bits that are organized into four bytes. The four bytes are usually portrayed using a dotted decimal notation such as 1.2.3.4. Each decimal number is equivalent of a byte; the dots used between the decimals are used to separate the bytes. For example, 205.150.58.7
IPv6
The next generation Internet layer protocol for the Internet. It has a much larger address space than IPv4 with a 128-bit address. This supports 2 128 addresses. They are conventionally expressed using hexadecimal strings, for example, 2001:0db8:582:ae33::29
The next generation Internet layer protocol for the Internet. It has a much larger address space than IPv4 with a 128-bit address. This supports 2 128 addresses. They are conventionally expressed using hexadecimal strings, for example, 2001:0db8:582:ae33::29
ISOC
Internet Society
Internet Society
ITU
International Telecommunication Union
International Telecommunication Union
ITU-T
The Telecommunications standardization sector of the International Telecommunication Union
The Telecommunications standardization sector of the International Telecommunication Union
LACNIC
Latin American & Caribbean Network Information Centre (LACNIC) is the Regional Internet Registry for Latin America and some Caribbean Islands
Latin American & Caribbean Network Information Centre (LACNIC) is the Regional Internet Registry for Latin America and some Caribbean Islands
Local Internet Registry (LIR)
A LIR is an Internet Registry (IR) that primarily assigns address space to the users of the network services that it provides. LIRs are generally ISPs, whose customers are primarily end users and possibly other ISPs
A LIR is an Internet Registry (IR) that primarily assigns address space to the users of the network services that it provides. LIRs are generally ISPs, whose customers are primarily end users and possibly other ISPs
Multihomed
Describes a computer host that has multiple IP addresses to connected networks. A multihomed host is physically connected to multiple data links that can be on the same or different networks
Describes a computer host that has multiple IP addresses to connected networks. A multihomed host is physically connected to multiple data links that can be on the same or different networks
Name Server
A DNS component that stores information about one zone (or more) of the DNS name space
A DNS component that stores information about one zone (or more) of the DNS name space
Name Space
The structure of the DNS database
The structure of the DNS database
Name vs Address vs Route
A name identifies an endpoint, an address tells where it is, and a route tells how to get there
A name identifies an endpoint, an address tells where it is, and a route tells how to get there
NAPTR
Number Authority Pointer (as used within IETF RFC 2916 to identify possible URLs and numbers that can be returned)
Number Authority Pointer (as used within IETF RFC 2916 to identify possible URLs and numbers that can be returned)
NAT
Network Address Translation (NAT) is the process of modifying a network address while in transit for the purpose of remapping a given address space into another
Network Address Translation (NAT) is the process of modifying a network address while in transit for the purpose of remapping a given address space into another
National Internet Registry (NIR)
A NIR primarily allocates address space to its members or constituents which are generally LIRs organized at a national level. NIRs mostly exist in the Asia Pacific region
A NIR primarily allocates address space to its members or constituents which are generally LIRs organized at a national level. NIRs mostly exist in the Asia Pacific region
Network
An international network providing public correspondence services (when used in the formal sense as defined in Section 4.17 of ITU-T Rec. E.164 (05/97))
An international network providing public correspondence services (when used in the formal sense as defined in Section 4.17 of ITU-T Rec. E.164 (05/97))
Nibble boundary
A bit is the smallest unit of data on a binary computer. A nibble is a collection of bits on a four-bit boundary (half-byte), that is, it takes four bits to represent a single binary code decimal (BCD) or hexadecimal digit (0-9, A, B, C, D, E, F in ASCII). When IPv6 addresses are represented in the DNS, the entire binary sequence is listed as hexidecimal characters. When listed in reverse, each hexadecimal character becomes a "nibble boundary".
A bit is the smallest unit of data on a binary computer. A nibble is a collection of bits on a four-bit boundary (half-byte), that is, it takes four bits to represent a single binary code decimal (BCD) or hexadecimal digit (0-9, A, B, C, D, E, F in ASCII). When IPv6 addresses are represented in the DNS, the entire binary sequence is listed as hexidecimal characters. When listed in reverse, each hexadecimal character becomes a "nibble boundary".
NP
Number Portability
Number Portability
Ownership vs. use of a number
Numbering resources ... are not to be considered "owned" by the assignee. Assignment of the numbering resource ... confers use of the resources ... (in the formal sense of Principle 5 in ITU-T Rec. E.190.)
Numbering resources ... are not to be considered "owned" by the assignee. Assignment of the numbering resource ... confers use of the resources ... (in the formal sense of Principle 5 in ITU-T Rec. E.190.)
Phishing
Any of several methods designed to illegally acquire sensitive or private information such as bank details, login information or personal details by fraudulently masquerading as a trustworthy entity.
Any of several methods designed to illegally acquire sensitive or private information such as bank details, login information or personal details by fraudulently masquerading as a trustworthy entity.
Portable allocation
APNIC makes portable allocations to organizations. That is, it distributes address space to IRs for the purpose of subsequent distribution by them
APNIC makes portable allocations to organizations. That is, it distributes address space to IRs for the purpose of subsequent distribution by them
PSTN
The Public Switched Telephone Network
The Public Switched Telephone Network
QoS
Quality of Service
Quality of Service
Query/Response
A protocol interaction between a client and a server
A protocol interaction between a client and a server
Registrar
Entity which provides direct services to domain name registrants by processing name registrations
Entity which provides direct services to domain name registrants by processing name registrations
Registry
Entity which runs the DNS authoritative server for a specific domain
Entity which runs the DNS authoritative server for a specific domain
Resolver
The client-based software that queries a DNS name server and receives the response
The client-based software that queries a DNS name server and receives the response
Reverse DNS delegation
Reverse DNS delegations allow applications to map to a domain name from an IP address. Reverse delegation is achieved by use of the pseudo-domain names in-addr.arpa (IPv4) and ip6.arpa (IPv6).
Reverse DNS delegations allow applications to map to a domain name from an IP address. Reverse delegation is achieved by use of the pseudo-domain names in-addr.arpa (IPv4) and ip6.arpa (IPv6).
RFC
Request For Comments - the name for an Internet standards-related specification
Request For Comments - the name for an Internet standards-related specification
RIR
Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) are established and authorized by respective regional communities and recognized by the IANA to serve and represent large geographical regions. The primary role of RIRs is to manage and distribute public Internet address space within their respective regions
Regional Internet Registries (RIRs) are established and authorized by respective regional communities and recognized by the IANA to serve and represent large geographical regions. The primary role of RIRs is to manage and distribute public Internet address space within their respective regions
Root
The ultimate "."
The ultimate "."
Root Server
A DNS server pointing to all top- level domains
A DNS server pointing to all top- level domains
Route Origin Attestation (ROA)
A ROA is a digitally signed object that provides a means of verifying that an IP address block holder has authorized an Autonomous System (AS) to originate routes to one or more prefixes within the address block
A ROA is a digitally signed object that provides a means of verifying that an IP address block holder has authorized an Autonomous System (AS) to originate routes to one or more prefixes within the address block
Routing advertisements
Each router announces or advertises a list of routes it can process, expressed as ranges of IP addresses for which it can provide routing service. Put simply, a router tells its peers, “If you have traffic intended for IP addresses in the range between 192.0.0.1 and 192.5.255.255 (for example), pass me those packets
Each router announces or advertises a list of routes it can process, expressed as ranges of IP addresses for which it can provide routing service. Put simply, a router tells its peers, “If you have traffic intended for IP addresses in the range between 192.0.0.1 and 192.5.255.255 (for example), pass me those packets
RRs
DNS Resource Records
DNS Resource Records
Second opinion request
The process that is used to seek APNIC’s approval of assignments or sub-allocation that exceed you assignment window
The process that is used to seek APNIC’s approval of assignments or sub-allocation that exceed you assignment window
Service Registrar (for ENUM)
Entity which provides direct services to ENUM registrants and hosts NAPTR records that contain (service-specific) URIs
Entity which provides direct services to ENUM registrants and hosts NAPTR records that contain (service-specific) URIs
SG2
ITU-T Study Group 2
ITU-T Study Group 2
SIP
Session Initiation Protocol
Session Initiation Protocol
SMTP
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
Sub-allocation
IP addresses are sub-allocated when they are distributed to an organization that will further assign them to their own end users
IP addresses are sub-allocated when they are distributed to an organization that will further assign them to their own end users
Subnet mask
The routing prefix of a designated IP address
The routing prefix of a designated IP address
TN
Telephone Number
Telephone Number
Transfer of Internet resources
Transfer of Internet resources includes the following scenarios: (i) Asset acquisition or merger; (ii) Corporate reorganization; (iii) Change in corporate control
Transfer of Internet resources includes the following scenarios: (i) Asset acquisition or merger; (ii) Corporate reorganization; (iii) Change in corporate control
URI
Uniform Resource Identifier - a URL is a URI
Uniform Resource Identifier - a URL is a URI
URL
Uniform Resource Locator
Uniform Resource Locator
VoIP
Voice over IP
Voice over IP
WG
Working Group
Working Group
WP1/2
Working Party 1 of SG 2
Working Party 1 of SG 2
X.509 certificate
X.509 is an ITU-T standard for digital certificates that uses PKI digital certificates in a strict hierarchical authentication structure. Sometimes referred to as an RFC3280, or more recently an RFC5280, certificate (RFC3280 defined a form of X.509 called X.509v3, and this has been updated recently by RFC5280. In all important ways this is exactly the same as an X.509 certificate, it just clarifies some forms of information and use). Extensions to the X.509 certificate format allow space for recording IP address and AS numbers (RFC 3779). The extension binds a list of IP address blocks and AS numbers to the subject of a certificate
X.509 is an ITU-T standard for digital certificates that uses PKI digital certificates in a strict hierarchical authentication structure. Sometimes referred to as an RFC3280, or more recently an RFC5280, certificate (RFC3280 defined a form of X.509 called X.509v3, and this has been updated recently by RFC5280. In all important ways this is exactly the same as an X.509 certificate, it just clarifies some forms of information and use). Extensions to the X.509 certificate format allow space for recording IP address and AS numbers (RFC 3779). The extension binds a list of IP address blocks and AS numbers to the subject of a certificate
Zone
In DNS, a contiguous portion of a domain consisting of names or delegations. Formally, a domain name belongs to exactly one (authoritative) zone
In DNS, a contiguous portion of a domain consisting of names or delegations. Formally, a domain name belongs to exactly one (authoritative) zone
zone (or "zone")
A segment of an ENUM domain name (used in the Berlin Liaison Statement (now RFC 3026) solely for convenience)
A segment of an ENUM domain name (used in the Berlin Liaison Statement (now RFC 3026) solely for convenience)